Inequalities in our society: gender and sex Essay

Inequalities between men and women had been in struggle I believe as older than I am, as older than my ancestors. Everyday I see simple proofs that although we are in the 21st century, although we are living on the fast lane, we are still shackled with the shadows of the past. According to Gallup Surveys, in 1946 Americans felt by a margin of 54%-19% that women live more difficult lives than men. More than one-half century later that margin had increased to 57%-7% with most of that change swing to increasing agreement among men (from a 47% to 27% margin in 1946 to 52%-19% in 1997. In the 1930s, 26 of 48 states had Laws prohibiting the employment of married women. (It was the midst of the Great Depression and there were not enough jobs to keep the men out of political mischief, so married women had to go. ) As human beings it is only natural for a caged man to seek freedom. Freedom from injustices and realize their rights. One great example will be the foundation of ‘Living the Legacy: The Women’s Rights Movement in 1848’. In her ‘Declaration of Sentiments’ Stanton’s version read, â€Å"the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world†. Then she went into the specifics. †¢ Married women were legally dead in the eyes of the law †¢ Women were not allowed to vote †¢ Women had to submit to the laws when they had no voice in their formation †¢ Married women had no property rights. †¢ Husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they could imprison or beat them with impunity †¢ Divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to women †¢ Women had to pay property taxes although they had no representation in the levying of these taxes †¢ Most occupations were closed to women and when women did work they were paid only a fraction of what men earned †¢ Women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law †¢ Women had no means to gain an education since no college or university would accept women students. †¢ With only a few exceptions, women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church †¢ Women were robbed of their self-confidence and self-respect, and were made totally dependent on men Strong words†¦ Large grievances†¦ And remember: This was just seventy years after the Revolutionary War. Doesn’t it seem surprising to you that this unfair treatment of women was the norm in this new, very idealistic democracy? But this Declaration of Sentiments spelled out what was the status quo for European-American women in 1848 America, while it was even worse for enslaved Black women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s draft continued: â€Å"Now, in view of this entire disenfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, their social and religious degradation, — in view of the unjust laws above mentioned, and because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred rights, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these United States. † Here some additional aspects that the organization dealt with: help-wanted ads in newspapers were segregated into â€Å"Help wanted – women† and â€Å"Help wanted- men. † Pages and pages of jobs were announced for which women could not even apply. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled this illegal in 1968, but since the EEOC had little enforcement power, most newspapers ignored the requirement for years. The National Organization for Women (NOW), had to argue the issue all the way to the Supreme Court to make it possible for a woman today to hold any job for which she is qualified. And so now we see women in literally thousands of occupations which would have been almost unthinkable just one generation ago: dentist, bus driver, veterinarian, airline pilot, and phone installer, just to name a few. To site another example, an article was written about a woman prayer leader, an Islamic scholar at Virginia Commonwealth University, Amina Wadud. The organizers who invited her claimed that she is the first woman to have presided over a mixed gender prayer service in public since Islam’s earliest days. The event was held in cavernous hall in the grounds of New York City’s cathedral church of St. John the Divine because no major mosque would play host to it. â€Å"There are still men who believe women are not allowed to be leaders. They’re bullies,† says organizer Asra Nomani, an author. Furthermore she said that it was time that women take their rightful place alongside men. Last fall, at Chicago’s Muslim Community Center, a 6-feet partition that had long divided the genders during prayer was was reduced to 3-feet after several women protested. That enabled the women to see the ‘imam’ in front, and center president Mohammed Kaiseruddin says the change has helped women â€Å"feel like part of the congregation. † Another woman whose a Muslim, Nomanis , according to her fight began on her return to Morgantown, W. Va.from a pilgrimage to Mecca, â€Å"I experienced full and unfettered access to the holy mosque in Mecca,† Back in Morgantown, she decided to defy a ban that forbade women to use the from entrance and pray in the man hall with the men. Mosque leaders are considering banishing her for such disruptive behavior, but she feels she’s making progress. She prays in the main hall now and say,† they just pretend I’m not there. † For a more grave evident in the issue of inequality between men and women, it has been noted that violence against women has been called â€Å"the most pervasive yet least recognized human right abuse in the world. † The Vienna Human Rights Conference and the Fourth World Conference on Women were organizations that gave priority to this issue, which jeopardizes women’s lives, bodies, psychological integrity and freedom. Violence may have profound effects- direct and indirect on a woman’s reproductive health including: †¢ Unwanted pregnancies and restricted access to family planning information and contraceptives †¢ Unsafe abortion or injuries sustained during a legal abortion after an unwanted pregnancy †¢ Complications from frequent, high-risk pregnancies and lack of follow-up care. †¢ Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS †¢ Persistent gynaecological problems †¢ Psychological problems The noted violence intentionally or unintentionally perpetuates male power and control. Despite the evidences a culture of silence exists and denial of the seriousness of the health consequences of abuse. Most domestic violence involves male anger directed against their women partners. This gender difference appears to be rooted in the way boys and men are socialized — biological factors do not seem to account for the dramatic differences in behaviour in this regard between men and women. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence. Some husbands become more violent during the wife’s pregnancy, even kicking or hitting their wives in the belly. These women run twice the risk of miscarriage and four times the risk of having a low birth-weight baby. Cross-cultural studies of wife abuse have found that nearly a fifth of peasant and small-scale societies are essentially free of family violence. The existence of such cultures proves that male violence against women is not the inevitable result of male biology or sexuality, but more a matter of how society views masculinity. Studies of very young boys and girls show only that, although boys may have a lower tolerance for frustration, and a tendency towards rough-and-tumble play, these tendencies are dwarfed by the importance of male socialization and peer pressure into gender roles. The prevalence of domestic violence in a given society, therefore, is the result of tacit acceptance by that society. The way men view themselves as men, and the way they view women, will determine whether they use violence or coercion against women. UNFPA recognizes that ending gender-based violence will mean changing cultural concepts about masculinity, and that process must actively engage men, whether they be policy makers, parents, spouses or young boys. The majority of sexual assault victims are young. Women in positions of abject dependence on male authorities are also particularly subject to unwanted sexual coercion. Rape in time of war is still common. It has been extensively documented in recent civil conflicts, and has been used systematically as an instrument of torture or ethnic domination. Resulting from the inequalities happening between men and women, Sandra Lipsitz Bem decided to create a book discussing the matter in psychological perception. Her book was entitled ‘The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality’. According to Sandra there were three lenses that were evident: androcentrism, gender polarization, and biological essentialism. Androcentrism, defined as male-centeredness, moreover, these are definitions of male and male experience as a neutral standard or norm, and females and female experience as a sex-specific deviation from that norm. it is thus, not that man is treated as superior and woman as inferior but that man is treated as human and woman as â€Å"other. † Gender polarization is the more subtle and insidious use of the perceived difference as an organizing principle for the social life of the culture. This male-female difference is super imposed in so many aspects of the social world that a cultural connection is thereby forged between sex and virtually every other aspect of human experience, including modes of dress and social roles and even ways of expressing emotion and experiencing sexual desire. The last lens is Biological essentialism, which rationalizes and legitimizes both other lenses by treating them as the natural and inevitable consequences of the intrinsic biological natures of women and men. According to Sandra, the lenses systematically reproduce male power in two ways. First, the discourses and social institutions in which they are embedded automatically channel female and males into different and unequal life situations. Second, during enculturation, the individual gradually internalizes the cultural lenses and thereby becomes motivated to construct identity that is consistent with them. In line with my research, I concluded that our society have still a lot of work to be done to deal with the issue of inequality among men and women. Even in a famous novel like The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown the plot of the story was about the conspiracy of having a woman be seated at the right hand of Jesus of Nazareth. Abuses of women were told. Fiction as it may seem the whole story had a very astounding effect to anyone who read it challenging their faith intentionally or unintentionally. That was why there had been some instances where the movie of â€Å"Da Vinci Code† were tried to be banned on showing in other countries where Catholicism religion is dominating. I just want to reiterate from my comparison that authors usually based their pieces according to what they see, imagine or deal with everyday life. From my point of view, the author might have not said it literally but I know that he wanted to imply that we need look at how we look and treat women per se. We can never change the world overnight but we it can be done one step at a time, I hope that the first step would be mine. Works Cited Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. Living the Legacy: The Women’s Rights Movement. 1848-1998 Eisenberg, Bonnie. Ruthsdotten, Mary. The National Women’s History Project. 1998 â€Å"Gender Equality: An End in Itself and a Cornerstone of Development. http://www. unfpa. org/gender/index. htm Heise, L. Violence Against Women: the Hidden Health Burden. World Bank Discussion Paper. Washington D. C. The World Bank. 1994 Bem, Sandra Lipsitz. The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. Yale University Press. 1993 http://www. trinity. edu/rmkearl/gender. html Chu, Jeff. Mustafa, Nadia. Her Turn To Pray. Time Magazine. March 21,2005.

A Compare and Contrast of the New Product Development Model Essay

New product developments are one of the main sources of competitive advantage for companies today. Companies need new product to keep up with its’ competitors. New product development can be considered as activities that aim to bring new products to market. The objective of NPD is to minimize the risk of failure. As NPD absorbs both financial and human resources from a company, it is therefore necessary to develop and implement a methodology for assisting in the introduction of new products. NPD models can help to identify problems at an early stage and assist in directing the NPD effort in the right direction. It can be used as a roadmap and provides an indication of magnitude of the project required in order to develop and launch a new product. It also helps to reduce risk and uncertainty at every stage by giving guidance regarding what information is required. An example of well known model is Booz, Allen, and Hamilton Model (1982). It has been argued that pass-the-parcel approach to NPD might extend the overall development time. However in more recent models, focus has been given to parallel-processing. The next section mentions about three model of NPD. Cooper’s stage-gate model A stage-gate model (Cooper, 1988) is improved from BAH model. The stage-gate model attempts to overcome pass-the-parcel issues which do not suitable for communicating the horizontal dimension of the NPD process. The stage-gate model uses parallel-processing to acknowledge the iterations between and within stages. The idea of parallel processing advises that major functions should be involved from the early stages of the NPD process to its conclusion. This allows problems to be detected and solved much earlier than in the classic models. The idea of dividing the new product development process into distinct phases or stages is the same as BAH model, but in the stage gate model the phases are more clearly separated from each other with management decision gates. In addition to the discovery gate, the model consists of five action stage: scoping, build business case, development, testing and validation, and launch. Stages are cross functional and each activity is undertaken in parallel to enhance speed to market. To manage risk, the parallel activities in a certain stage must be designed to gather vital information – technical, market, financial, operations – in order to drive down the technical and business risk. Each successive stage is also more costly than previous stage. The idea is to allow an increase in spending on the development of projects as the uncertainty goes down. Preceding each stage is a decision point or gate which serves as a go/kill and prioritization decision point. The advantages of the stage-gate are following: Well organized innovation can be a source of competitive advantage. -Accelerated product development. Necessary because of shortening product life cycles. -Increased success chance of new products. Prevents poor projects early and helps to redirect them -Integrated market orientation. Multiple convergent model The multiple convergent model (Baker and Hart, 1994) follows parallel processing – like the stage-gate model – which allows iterations among participants within stages. However, there are two problems with parallel processing. First, it ignores the important inputs to NPD that are provided by customers and suppliers. Second, if functions are to work in parallel then when do the processes take decisions and move on to the next stage? The multiple convergent model overcomes the issue by using convergent point, where is defined as â€Å"to move or cause to move towards the same point† or to â€Å"tend towards as common conclusion or result†. The model takes account of the functionally distinct tasks which must be carried out simultaneously at specific points throughout the NPD process and that the results must converge. And, due to iterations in the processes, this convergence is likely to happen several times. As the process moves from one step to another, the information gathered becomes more precise and reliable and the decisions are made with greater certainty. This model is therefore advantageous over the stage-gate in that the framework can easily accommodate third parties, provides mechanisms for real integration throughout the process among different functions set in the convergent points and fit into the most appropriate NPD structures for the company. Network model The multiple convergent model fails to highlight the importance of â€Å"inter-organizational collaboration† in a firm’s network. Networks in NPD could and should be considered at two different levels: external and internal level. And it should be realized that the functioning of the internal networks directly influences the efficiency and efficacy of the external network. According to the network model (Trott, 1998), the development and management of knowledge is one of the most important traits of the new product development. It represents the process of accumulation of knowledge crossing continuously over different internal functions, through which both internal and external knowledge is integrated in the process. Four different internal functions are related to new product development: marketing and sales, finance, engineering and manufacturing, and research and development. Different external inputs such as competitors, suppliers, partners, customers, university departments and so on are also presented. Conclusion NPD is a process of transforming business opportunity into tangible products. In order to reduce risks of failure associated with developing a new product, many models have been developed to assist in NPD activities. These models have evolved from the simple linear models to the more complex network models. And, in order for developers of new products to be successful, they must take into consideration the critical success factors in NPD.

BMW Currency Hedging

The BMW Group will expand production capacity at its US plant in Spartanburg from some 150,000 to 240,000 units by 2012. Plans for the expansion are already underway. Capacity at the Oxford MINI plant is to be increased to 260,000 units per annum—without making further investments in infrastructure.The BMW Group will take the first step towards expanding its capacity in China by raising it from 30,000 to 44,000 units a year. Furthermore, the company will work on strategically increasing purchasing in US dollars. One aspect is the local content of the vehicles manufactured in the USA. In recent years, it was increased from about 30% to more than 60%. Another aspect is purchasing in the NAFTA region for production in Europe and other regions. In 2006, the NAFTA region accounted for some 9% of BMW’s global purchasing.BMW Group set to tap new business fieldsThe BMW Group will continue to grow by introducing new models going forward. In addition, the company will develop new fields of business and operate along the vehicle lifecycle as well as along the value-added chain. This includes the planned development of new sales channels in the accessories business. In the pre-owned vehicle business, the company operates in the premium pre-owned segment. Both activities are lucrative, since a mere 25% of the revenue generated over a vehicle’s lifecycle stems from the new car business. Moreover, the BMW Group plans to offer entirely new individual mobility services as well as service modules.By adopting this new strategy, the BMW Group has set the course for a future of success. â€Å"We will continue to write the BMW Group’s success story. Our entire management team is committed to this,† Reithofer declared.

The title is related to New applications of mathematics or Maths and Essay

The title is related to New applications of mathematics or Maths and technology - Essay Example The resultants are thus technological advancements in every field of life. May it be the field of arts, science or the corporate management the application of mathematics in each of these fields has proved to be meritorious for the concerned field. This study commences with an introduction of the applications of mathematics on both arts and science. It further focuses on one of the fields of science, namely ‘biology’, for elaboration and evidence. Mathematics can be described as a science of numbers that involves quantities, relationships and measurements. A further focus on this science reveals results of its different applications as follows: APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS TO ARTS The domain of arts is widespread on a number of things. It uses creativity and skill to bring objects to a state that confirms to aesthetic sense. The applications of mathematics, that is, of numerical quantities and relationships, on procedures of art, have originated certain domains that were not known to man earlier. Geometrical patterns are evident in almost everything around us. This was realized even by ancient Greeks. Art models and sculptures dating back to those times can be seen to have clear influence of mathematical patterns. Consider, for example, the 5,000 year old ‘Flower of Life’. This pattern consists of an array of circles positioned in different rows. These circles are positioned such that the radius of one row of circles is positioned on the circumference of the circles of the neighboring rows. Figure 1 depicts the Flower of Life. Looking at the figure from another angle reveals certain mathematical facts implemented into it. Looking closely it is seen that a triangle is formed when the centers of three neighboring circles are focused. Application of the Sine and Cosine rules to the triangle and assuming that the circles have a radius of unit 1 it is observed that each row is v3/2 apart. Then there are innumerable other artifacts that displ ay the applications of mathematics. Examples are: ‘The Golden Ratio’ (The famous portrait of Mona Lisa exhibits an aesthetic application of divine ratio), ‘The Pyramids’, ‘The Parthenon’, ‘De Divina Porportione’ and so on. APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Biology can be interpreted as ‘The study of life’. The word ‘bio’ means ‘life’. Both the mathematics and biology are completely distinct from each other at their core. Time and again, it has been proved that the assistance of math in biology has opened horizons of knowledge that were once not known to man. This article attempts to verify that despite being different in nature the application of mathematics in Biology holds immense importance. Edward K. Yeargers,  Ronald W. Shonkwiler,  J. V. Herod (1996) state in their book that Biology produces interesting problems and mathematics provides models to understand them. Afte r results have been obtained from the models, biology returns to test them. (p.1). How that is done is a very vast paradigm, the details of which would take thousands of words to cover. The studies of mathematics when applied to biology result in various amazing discoveries. A few of the applications of mathematics in biology are attempted to be discussed below. Biology and Mathematics make a very unique and suitable combination. Mathematical descriptions are very well taken by Biology as if they were tailor-made for them. Various key elements in quantitative biology are understandable through the study of mathematics.

Point of View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Point of View - Essay Example the reader does not get to know the name of Dee’s male companion because â€Å"after I tripped over it†¦he told me to just call him Hakim-a-barber.† It is also not clear whether the man is a barber or not because the narrator does not ask. Moreover, the readers cannot glean much about the relationship between Dee and Hakim-a-barber and where they have been before appearing on the scene. On the other hand, the first person’s point of view allows the readers to get into the story as they are able to see the world from the narrator’s perspective. A different type of narration, the third person, can alter the meaning of the story. It would have allowed the author to pursue multiple storylines; thus, giving the reader a broader views of the story. For example, it would have enabled the author to explore Dee’s life and by so doing, the readers would have been able to learn more about Dee’s companion. The narrator says â€Å"You must belong to those beef-cattle people down the road.† The readers may not be familiar with the kind of people that live â€Å"down the road†. The third person’s point of view would have allowed the author more room for shedding light on the beef-cattle people down the

Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma - Essay Example However, the mechanism of regeneration of tissues through the short-time plasma exposure has not been explicitly revealed as yet in spite of its increased practical application. In order to improve the situation, it may be important to clarify the mechanism from multilateral standpoints including plasma science and engineering, molecular biology, and biochemistry. Therefore, we conducted a basic experiment on the direct irradiation of cells by using micro-spot atmospheric-pressure plasma source, which is hardly harmful to the living bodies both thermally and electromagnetically. In this experiment, murine fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3), which is usually used for cell experiments, was used and effect of plasma on the culture cells was considered. As a result of the experiment, it was revealed that cell multiplication is activated by plasma exposure. In response to the result, we considered factors related to the multiplication. Although there are many factors involved in the cell multi plication, we particularly focused on neoangiogenesis and NO production, and considered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in Fig 1. The apparatus comprised a coaxial structure with tungsten electrodes employed in a glass capillary (internal diameter of plasma genesis region: 8 mm, internal diameter of the tip: 1 mm) with cylindrical electrodes on the exterior. High voltage for plasma generation was generated by externally-controlled high-voltage power supply device. Plasma generation conditions were: applied voltage: 5-9 kV; frequency: 1-3 kHz; helium (He) gas flow rate: 1 L/min; and plasma exposure time: 1-100 sec. It was found in the earlier studies that NO gas is not generated by this apparatus. In the experiment, a culture containing 1 x 105 murine fibroblast cell lines (NIH3T3) was set in a 12-hole culture vessel. It was cultured for 24 hours in a CO2 incubator (culture conditions: temperature: 37 deg. C and CO2 gas concentration: 5%). The medium was replaced with serum-free medium. The unprocessed specimens (control), those processed with He gas flow and others exposed to plasma were compared. Processing time for each specimen group was 1, 10 and 100 sec, respectively. They were cultured for 24 hours in CO2 incubator after plasma exposure and then cell forms were observed with optical microscope. Afterwards, only live cells of NIH3T3 cell line attached to the bottom face of the culture vessel were peeled off by trypsin treatment and the number of cells under each condition was counted, followed by consideration of multiplication rate changes among the conditions. In addition to that, they were continuously cultured for 7 days in NIH3T3 cell line. Differences in the cell multiplication curves of specimens exposed to plasma for 90 sec per day and those processed with He gas flow were also considered. With this experiment, we considered the effects o f plasma exposure on cell multiplication based on both the trends of exposure time-dependent cell multiplication and the effects of plasma exposure on cell multiplication. Fig 2 shows cells exposed to the plasma. Culture medium thickness was 6 mm. Plasma was radiated from capillary of 1 mm diameter to cells adhering to 6 cm2 base area at a flow rate of 1 L/min.  

E-commerce managent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E-commerce managent - Essay Example Now, â€Å"E-commerce is the function of creating exchange i.e., buying and selling over digital media† (Kalakota and Robinson 1999). Once it was interchangeable in meaning with e-business. Now, the term e-commerce has come of age by not just exchanging business but beyond that – comprising e-marketing, e-franchising, e-mailing and much more. Corporate success has to be essentially a strategic application based on entrepreneurial principles. Traditionally, strategy was formulated and implemented on Solution-Based Logic. Senior members of companies used to spend days in suggesting strategies to increase profits. Strategies suggested by board members served personal interest more than real work, questioning and ridiculing others’ ideas. All members had different perspectives of evaluating the proposed strategy. It was an amalgam of conflicting strategies, where finding a consensus was just a formality. Politics played a major role in zeroing on a strategy. Customer satisfaction on adopting a strategy based on traditional method was not beyond 5% to 15% better than earlier solutions. (Anthony, 1999) Advanced strategy, on the other hand, involves thinking process applied at senior level, called Outcome-Based Logic. It provides solutions, satisfying 80% more customers than the earlier solutions, performing ten times better than traditional strategies. Due to the fast changing IT environment, advanced business strategy needs to be formulated to convert new opportunities and add value to turn corporate investment into appealing propositions, remaining in the competition by providing durable benefits to business units. The fast pace of technological development has changed the ways of doing business on the global platform. The World Wide Web has changed the strategic mindset of companies to exploit the vast market potential, earlier unavailable. The major challenge of this dynamic business world is to run durable profit-earning

Case study ( Criminology ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study ( Criminology ) - Essay Example This is not the first ethical case against Judge Jones as in late 2012; he was involved in an investment fraud case and was federally indicted. The consequences that time were suspension with pay and the case is still in the trial stage. Even though in this article only the Judge’s unethical behaviour has been mentioned, the prosecutor also had unethical conduct. She allowed the Judge to go ahead with hearing her cases and even helping her with case reassignment which she knew was wrong both ethically and criminally. Both parties (judge and prosecutor) were aware of the conflict of interest their romantic relationship presented to their work relationships but yet they simply were ignorant about it. They instead chose to use their romantic involvement and power of the black robe to give an upper hand to the prosecutor in the cases as well as prevent her from getting overworked hence the reassignment. The Judge romantic relationships or not holds a position in office where he is supposed to uphold equality, fairness and integrity not to mention ethics. In this case, he used the same office to break all the above mentioned virtues instead of upholding them all because of a romantic involvement with an officer of the court. Their behaviour set a bad example, creates mistrust and damage the confidence of the public towards law officers and the justice system in general. There are several measures which can be taken to prevent a repeat of the unethical behaviour like the one witnessed in the above case or even of other unethical behaviour likely to be manifested in the courtroom. The first of these is to prohibit ant romantic involvement between colleagues in the justice system unless they do not share the same court like Judge Jones and the prosecutor. This is as a way to avoid a repeat of the behaviour of the judge and encourage fairness as opposed to favouritism. The other way is to be conducting regular background and updated information on

Two_Short_Paragraphs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Two_Short_Paragraphs - Essay Example The old man, for example, tried to hang himself when at home because of desperation. When at the cafà ©, the same old man drinks his brandy with calmness and dignity. Even when he is drunk, he cannot spill his drink. The cafe is indeed a temporary respite from all the chaos in the world (Hemingway, 372-75). In the story, The Garden Party, the garden represents a place of endless pleasures. It is a place with a lot of promising energies where children and young adult look forward to a great future. The children resemble the arum lilies and brilliant butterflies that grow with an alarming vigor. The garden signifies a kind of Eden land where parents confine their children. The author conveys the land as one with a pleasant and warm feeling similar to the non-existent marvelous fairylands. The garden is covered with exotic flowers, green lawns, and various species of trees. There is a villa at the center of the garden, a tennis court and lake with the Sheridan’s garden. All these features make the garden symbolize a unique place full of potential for growth of its inhabitants. It is a place where all people long, hope or would wish to live (Mansfield

International Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business - Coursework Example For example, in Western cultures, ordinary employee can speak with the director of the company equally while in Eastern cultures it is almost impossible that the opinion of the ordinary employee would be considered seriously. In other words, cultures with high score of power distance believe that every person has its place and they should act in accordance with their role in society. Uncertainty avoidance is a dimension that identifies peoples attitude to their inability to predict future. Some cultures let things happen in their natural flow; others tend to control the future. Pragmatic cultures with high uncertainty avoidance scores tend to pay more attention to planning than those cultures where the score is low. This score helps to predict peoples attitude to planning and define the best way to build long- and short-term relationships with them. Also, pragmatic cultures rely on planning, experts and analysts who try to define future obstacles and prepare people and organizations for changes. Overall, power distance and uncertainty avoidance are really important for successful cross-cultural business. If people ignore these cultural dimensions, they can fail to build good relationships with representatives of the opposite culture. On the contrary, they succeed if they pay enough attention to features of every culture they deal with. 2. Conflict and violence, terrorism and kidnapping, property seizure, police changes and local content are 5 main types of political risk. Out of these 5 types, conflict and violence and policy changes affect international business directly. In case of external and internal political conflicts, any society experiences crisis related to unstable political and economic situation. All international companies suffer from this instability and it results in a sequence of unwanted consequences for any organization. Business becomes dangerous in terms of safety; in many cases the best solution to the issue is to ship the

California History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

California History - Essay Example History provides a glimpse of the diversity of California's inhabitants, including the Native Americans, Chinese and Japanese. Several cultures prevail in the land and throughout the history of California different government had attempted to subdue its original people. Let us consider the succession of the most famous explorations in California. Prehistoricinhabitants of California practiced complex religions, hunted with arrowheads made of flint, and subsisted largely on the abundant available acorns supplemented by numerous small animals; coastal peoples ate fish and shellfish. Indigenous Californians often lived in small communities of about 150 people. This was the setting when the Europeans first set foot in California. Most historians agree that Portuguese-born Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo was the first European to explore California. Sailing under the Spanish flag in 1542, Cabrillo hoped to find the Northwest Passage; instead, he found the California coast and claimed the new-found land for Spain. With his entrance into California, the course of California Indian history changed drastically. Traditionally, California Indians have been portrayed in history as a docile primitive people, who openly embraced the invading Spaniards and were rapidly subdued. This naive argument adds little to a sensible understanding of native history in California and undoubtedly is derived from crude feelings of racial superiority on the part of its advocates. The relationship between the Spanish and the Indians was not a peaceful co-existence. Rather, the history of California Indians is the story of an attempt to survive a series of invasions and the hardships that ensued. In 1579, an Englishman, Sir Francis Drake, sailed into California. Drake spent five weeks among the California natives and before leaving, he claimed the whole territory for the English Crown. He based his claim on the "right of discovery." Thus, within the first 40 years of European influence in California, two countries had claimed the land, and neither had acknowledged the rights of the natives who had resided on it for thousands of years. Other explorers of early California included Pedro de Unamuno in 1587, Sebastian Rodriquez Cermeno in 1595, and Sebastian Vizcaino in 1602-1603. However, no Europeans settled in California for nearly 200 years thereafter. On July 16, 1769, the Spanish founded the first mission in California. Father Junpero Serra, a Franciscan friar of the Roman Catholic Church, established the Carmel Mission, originally known as Mission San Carlos Borromeo, at Monterey Bay in 1770 (Chan and Olin 60). It was one of the chains of 21 missions built by the Franciscans between 1769 and 1823. These missions ultimately became the foundation for Spanish settlements in California. Spain's Indian policy at the time of the invasion of California was a mixture of economic, military, political, and religious motives. Indians were regarded by the Spanish government as subjects of the Crown and human beings capable of receiving the sacraments of Christianity. It was essential under 'missionization' that California Indians be 'reduced' into settled and stable communities where they would become good subjects of the King and children of God. Missionization required a brutal lifestyle similar in several respects to the forced movement of black people from

Jet Blue Melt Down Essay Example for Free

Jet Blue Melt Down Essay The technology department at Jet Blue airlines let down the company during the melt down. There were many areas where if the technology department had been on top of its game this melt down would not have been nearly as bad as it was. These range from simple communications problems to issues with lost bags. The first area where technology let down those at Jet Blue was that of not being able to rebook flights on the internet. This was a major problem as because the website did not allow for passengers whose flights had been cancelled to reschedule they had to call agents. The problem here is many of these agents work from home and the system was only capable of handling 650 calls at a time. If the website had been able to allow customers to rebook it would have taken a lot of the load off of these agents. The second issue we have here is the system only allowed for 650 agents to be on the phones at a time. When you consider they have the normal everyday business along with many flights being cancelled causing angry passengers to call in to rebook this problem became magnified. Customer grew angry with the amount of time that they had to remain on hold to rebook flights. The next issue that lingered was that of being able to identify who owned the lost luggage. This system was a simple one as it only took the technology department 24 hours to design a system to locate these passengers and reunite them with their luggage. However, when you are already upset and angry 24 hours is quite a long time. This was an issue that never should have been as it should have been in place prior to this event. Finally we come to the issue of being able to communicate with off duty crews and know their location when rebooking flights. This issue was one that could have been fixed in a simple manner with a system similar to that  which Nextel offers to customer’s walkie talkie options with a gps locator on the phone. To conclude my findings if the technology department had been doing its job prior to these events the problem would not have been nearly as magnified. Through some simple fixes and forward thinking there could have been several areas that would have helped to make managing this event easier from enhanced phone systems to a website with more capabilities for customers to simple gps enable cell phones this problem would not have cost the company upwards of 30 million dollars.

Study On The Relative Clauses English Language Essay

Study On The Relative Clauses English Language Essay INTRODUCTION We use language to express our thoughts, plans, and our ideas which, most of the times are not simple. As a result, language that we use to convey those is also not simple. Very often, while communicating we want to express ourselves as clear as possible so we determinate what are we actually talking about. Relative Clauses enable the speaker to be more specific and add additional information about the referent, in writing they make writing more sophisticated. The topic of this paper is going to be, precisely that Relative Clauses and it is going to be divided into three parts. The first part of this paper, and the starting point of this work, is going to be focused on English Relative Clauses. Furthermore, their form and function in English language. The second part of the paper is going to present all these elements (structure and function) of Relative Clauses in Albanian Language. The third part of the paper will be focused on the comparing and contrasting Relative Clauses in English and Albanian. This is going to be realized by constantly extracting examples from the well known novel written by James Joyce, Ulysses, in English and the translated form of the same in Albanian by idler Azizi. The last part of the paper will be recapitulation of all the previous mentioned elements and we will drown the conclusion based on the work and sentences given within the paper. The conclusion will finally provide us with the actual results upon the assumption that Relative clauses in English and Albanian should have certain elements in common and therefore contain, to certain extent, similarities. On the other hand this paper will also represent the differences that Relative clauses in both languages might have. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the Relative Clauses which are used widely in everyday language. It is focused on Albanian and English language so the readers can, at least, by the examples used, have a clear picture of the issue. Readers, whether they are students of English language or Albanian or even those that languages are not their field of study, are left to judge how helpful this paper will be to them. Hopefully, it is going to serve its purpose and at least, be a small guide into the wide scope of language. RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH In English Grammar books and other resources (electronic ones), that are the point of reference in this description, Relative Clauses are treated under the umbrella of Noun Modifiers, as a subordinate clause. We will firstly start from the definition of the Relative Clause as the starting point of our further analysis. Afterwards, after proving the definition through examples we are going to prove the correctness of the definitions and furthermore construct our own examples in order to insure that the form has been understood appropriately. The source grammar books of this paper are: English Grammar, Morphology written by Prof. Dr. Jashar Kabashi  [1]  , English Syntax by Prof. Dr. Vesel Nuhiu  [2]  , A Students Grammar of the English Language by Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk  [3]  , The Grammar Book by Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen-Freeman  [4]  , English Grammar in Use written by: Raymond Murphy  [5]  , Headway, written by Liz and John Soars and A Comprehensive Handbook of English Grammar written by Prof. Dr. Shykrane Gà «rmizaj.  [6]   The electronic sources used for this paper is: Wikipedia (the electronic encyclopedia)  [7]  and The analysis made by HUNTER COLLEGE published on their web page: rwc.hunter.cuny.edu  [8]   A relative clause (in some grammar books referred as *nominal relative clause) is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun phrase, most commonly a noun. For example: the man who wasnt there The phrase contains the noun man, which is modified by the relative clause who wasnt there.  [9]   We can notice in the example above that the italic clause comes after the noun that it modifies so we can state that it is a noun post modifier. This is why some grammarians state that a Relative Clause is a type of complex postnominal adjectival modifier used in both written and spoken English.  [10]   E.g. San Antonio is a city that has experienced very rapid growth.  [11]   She is the teacher that I was talking you about yesterday. It is the music that is famous in the world. They are the boys that like studying. As we can notice the words in bold are nouns and those italic are relative clauses that modify the nouns preceding. *Greenbaum and Quirk, A students Grammar of the English Language 2.1 The Structure of Relative Clauses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mentioned above, Relative clauses are one kind of dependent clause, introduced by a relative pronoun that refers to the main noun the clause depends upon. A relative clause always immediately follows the noun it modifies.  [12]   Rel.pro I read the book that is on the first shelf. Main clause Rel. clause   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A relative pronoun is usually the first word of a relative clause; however, in some cases the pronoun follows a preposition:  [13]   The flight on which we wanted to travel was fully booked. Additionally, when the relative pronoun is not the subject of the relative clause, it may be omitted entirely (especially in spoken English): I didnt see the movie (that) you were mentioning last night. When the pronoun is the subject, it cannot be omitted: I fixed the car is very old. Relative pronouns Relative pronouns comprise two series: Wh- element (including indefinite relative pronouns): who, whom, whose, which, what etc. That and zero, the latter indicated below as ( )  [14]   Adverbial pronouns: when, where, why, how The noun to which a relative pronoun refers is called the ANTECENDENT.  [15]   A relative pronoun refers back to a noun in the preceding clause.  [16]   They differ based on antecedent, moreover whether the antecedent is personal or non-personal. I know the person who was mentioned at the meeting. I have heard the song that/ which you were singing yesterday. The lady that is sitting over there is my mother. In the example a) above we may noticed that the relative clause modifies the noun person and the pronoun used to indicate the Relative Clause is who whereas in b) example the relative pronoun used is that or which and modifies the noun song. In c) example the relative pronoun that indicates the relative clause is that and it modifies the noun lady. That is more usual than which.  [17]   ! Remember that in Relative Clauses we use who/that/ which, not he/she/it:  [18]   I have never seen the girl who lives next door. (not the girl she lives) Wh-element The wh-element may be a pronoun, such as whoever and what, an adverb, such as where.  [19]   With who and whom the antecedent must be personal, with which it must be non-personal; with whose the antecedent is usually personal but can also be non-personal.  [20]   That is the school which I was talking you about. That is the teacher who teaches us in the University. That is the teacher (school) whose number I gave you. The teacher whom I wanted to meet was on lunch time. Indefinite relative pronouns These are relative pronouns + the suffix ever: Whoever: personal Whatever: non-personal and personal Whichever: non-personal and personal *Whomever: is correct but most people say whoever  [21]   Take whatever measures you consider best. Wherever you go, I will contact you. Indefinite relative pronouns in ever have no antecedents in the sentence. They do not refer to the specific persons or things but to anyone/anything no matter who or what he/she/it or they may be.  [22]   Wh-element may express either SPECIFIC meaning (where the -ever suffix is disallowed) or a NONSPECIFIC meaning (generally indicated by the presence of the -ever suffix):  [23]   SPECIFIC: February is when the exams start in our University. (the exact month) NONSPECIFIC: Whoever cheats in the exam will be asked to leave the class. (the person is not determinated) That That can be used without reference to the gender of the antecedent or the function within the relative clause, except that it cannot be preceded by a proposition.  [24]   You can also use that (instead of who), but you cant use which for people.  [25]   The police officer that is my neighbour works here. who is my neighbour works here. which is my neighbour works here. (Incorrect usage) Zero pronoun Zero has a similar range as those pronouns mentioned above in 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, lacking only the subject function.  [26]   The actor ( ) I admired is new to London.  [27]   The play ( ) I was attracted to is new to London.  [28]   The food ( ) I eat is not very healthy. Information ( ) I collected will serve our community. 2.1.5 Adverbial Pronouns The relative pronouns are where, when, why and how The town where I used to live is beautiful. The year when I started my studies was 2007. I dont know the reason why they didnt marry. I dont know a way how to get there. They denote the place, time, reason and manner. Indefinite relative adverbs Whenever, wherever, however, begin clauses which refer to people or things or places, at any time, on any day; any place no matter where it is no matter how, without exception:  [29]   Whenever you have time, call me. She comes, whenever she has time. 2.1.6 The category of case of relative pronouns (who, whom, whose) Case is used to indicate the status of the relative pronoun and its clause.  [30]   Of the pronouns mentioned above in 2.1.2 the only relative pronouns that have the category of case are who which has subjective and whom objective case within the relative clause.  [31]   If the pronoun is in genitive relation to a noun head, the pronoun can have the form whose. The man who we were looking for is my best friend. The man whom we were looking is my best friend. The woman whose daughter you met is Mrs. Brown. (The woman is Mrs. Brown; you met her daughter.)  [32]   2.2 Types of Relative Causes Relative Clauses can be divided into two groups: restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses  [33]   Restrictive Relative Clauses A restrictive relative clause (or defining, or limiting) modifies the headword of a NP by restricting or limiting the meaning of it. Such a clause follows immediately the headword of a Noun Phrase and in writing is not separated by commas from the main clause.  [34]   In speaking, there is no pause before or after the defining relative clause.  [35]   Restrictive Relative Clauses are more common in spoken language.  [36]   For Example: This is the girl who danced a lot at the party last night. The people who protested were unsatisfied with the present condition. He is the person that the police are looking for. The juice that you just served is very cold. Restrictive relative clauses are essential part in a sentence in order to convey the whole information.  [37]  Let us prove this by taking some of the sentences from the above written examples. This is the girl. The people were unsatisfied with the present condition. He is the person. (Which person?) As you can notice the meaning, information is vague. Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses The other type of Relative Clauses is called non-restrictive relative clauses. These clauses are not used as noun modifiers, since they do not modify a noun but only give some additional information about the headword which is already sufficiently modified or defined. In writing such clauses are usually separated by commas from the rest of the sentence.  [38]  In speaking there are pauses before and after a non-defining relative clause.  [39]   My sister (pause), who is a first year student, (pause) is a very hard working person. Non-restrictive (or non/defining) clauses add secondary information to a sentence, almost as an afterthought.  [40]   For Example: My sister, who is a first year student, is a very hard working person. The Shakespeares play, that is known worldwide, is going to be performed in The National Theatre. The strange noise, which was coming from the first flour, has scared the child. The climbers, who reached the summit, were exhausted. As we can notice from the above given examples the non-restrictive relative clause can be left out and the sentence that remains is meaningful even without it. Let us prove this by implying it in the following example. My sister is a very hard working person. The Shakespeares play is going to be performed in The National Theater. These types of relative clauses, non-restrictive, are more common in written language.  [41]   The Function of Relative Clauses The Relative clauses can perform various functions in a complex sentence. Relative Clauses as subject Relative Clause can perform the function of the subject in a complex sentence.  [42]   That they will win is known for sure. That she is beautiful doesnt mean so much to me. Who proves too much proves nothing What I want to know is the truth. If we analyse the sentences above a) and b) we can notice that the entire Relative clause in italic we can replace with the pronoun it. It is known for sure. As we can notice the pronoun it (which we used to replace the relative clause) precedes the predicate and it answers to questions what? Those are the characteristics of the subject. Here bellow we will use yet another example in order to clarify the function of subject of the Relative Clause. That the film is interesting is obvious. (What is obvious?) Relative clauses Extraposed Subject The finite (that) clause may perform the function of Extraposed subject.  [43]   It is a fact that Madonna is famous. Its a good idea that he initiated such an issue.  [44]   Relative clauses as Direct Object Relative Clauses used in the function of an object in complex sentences usually have subjects that are human beings. They introduce mainly reported speech, such as: He said that he was proud with his company. He mentioned that economic problems are destroying his otherwise successful company. They emphasized that the homework has to be done by tomorrow. Relative clauses as Subject complement Relative Clause can perform the function of Subject complement within a complex sentence.  [45]   It seems that she is nervous. What annoyed me was that she didnt pay the attention. That is where I want to go  [46]   April is when lilacs bloom. RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE In Albanian, similar to English, Relative clauses determinate noun phrases (NP) and they are called fjalia e pà «rbà «rà « me pjesà « tà « nà «nrenditura pà «rcaktore.  [47]   The NP that Relative modifies is called paraprijà «s.  [48]   3.1 The structure of Relative Clauses in Albanian In Albanian language, similar to English, Relative Clause is introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs.  [49]   3.1.1 Relative pronouns in Albanian Language Words like qà « and i cili, e cila, tà « cilà «t etc. function as relative pronouns (Alb. pà «remà «r lidhor).  [50]  Relative pronouns can be defining and non-defining, those written in bold above are defining, while some of the non-defining are: kush, ndokush, kudo, kurdo.  [51]  Relative Clauses in Albanian can also be preceded by relative adverbials (Alb.ndajfolje lidhore)  [52]  : Ku, kur etc. They are always placed before the relative clause, which introduces the same. However in the case when the relative clause i cili is used in the possessive (genitive) case, because of its adequate function it is preceded by a noun.  [53]   3.1.2 Albanian Relative pronoun qà « Relative pronoun qà « in Albanian Language doesnt change its form. This is because the lack of gender, number and case.  [54]   E và «rteta à «shtà «, qà « ai nuk deshi tà « vije nà « mbledhje. Shqipiptar i và «rtetà « à «shtà « ai, qà « nuk e ndan veprà «n nga fjala. Dà «gjohet vetà «m klithma qà « vinte nga rruga e errà «t. Puna e mbarà « à «shtà « ajo, qà « punohet me nder. As we can notice we use the relative pronoun qà « regardless of the gender, number or case. 3.1.3 Albanian Relative pronoun i cili Functionally the relative pronoun in Albanian i cili corresponds to the relative pronoun in 3.3.1 (qà «) but it also has certain characteristics on his own. The pronoun has the separated forms for gender, number and case. It can take the shortened form of the pronouns and by this it doesnt only have the semantic relation with the antecedent but it is also related by syntax to it. We can state that it has double connection with the antecedent. It is in the same case as the subordinate clause within the sentence.  [55]   For example: Ai e và «shtronte qiellin i cili à «shtà « nxire i tà «ri. Kosova ka arritur progrese tà « mà «dha gjatà « mandatit tuaj, pà «r tà « cilat ju dhe shteti juaj duhet tà « krenoheni. Kà «ngetarja e famshme botà «rore, e cila theu tà « gjitha rekordet botà «rore, tani vuan nga njà « sà «mundje e rà «ndà «. Autori shqiptar, i cili pà «r njà « kohà « tà « caktuar qà «ndroi nà « SHBA mblodhi shumà « adhurues mà «rgimtar. 3.1.4 Relative adverbs Similar to English, Albanian language also uses relative adverbs to introduce relative clause .The adverb that show place is ku, whether nga is used to show direction. Except these relative pronouns, in Albanian, we also use locution nga ku (from where) to express starting point but also pà «r ku to show the direction of the action, gjer ku that expresses the lasting point of the action. All these adverbs relate subordinate clause with the antecedent and they mark the place.  [56]  Other relative adverbs are kur, si and pà «rse which are used to show time, manner and reason. Vetura u ndal, nga doli njà « infermier. Ai ka shkuar nà « vedin ku ishte rritur. Ajo nuk e tha arsyen pà «rse deshironte tà « largohej. 3.2 Types of Relative Clauses in Albanian Language Similar to English Language, there are two types of Relative Clauses in Albanian Language: Restrictive and Non-Restrictive. (Alb. Pà «rcatore-kufizuese and pà «rcatore shtuese)  [57]   3.2.1 Restrictive Relative Clauses in Albanian Language In Albanian these clause are called pà «rcaktore-kufizuese. They cannot be removed or left out because the primary meaning would be vague or it would be changed.  [58]   Mà « pà «lqejnà « shumà « njà «rà «zit qà « punojnà « sistematikisht. Me pà «lqejnà « shumà « njà «rà «zit. If we compare these two sentences we can notice that in a) the speaker likes just the people that work systematically and in b), when we remove the relative clause the meaning is totally different, conveying that I like people, meaning all people. 3.2.2 Non-restrictive Relative Clauses in Albanian Language In Albanian these clauses are called pà «rcaktore-shtuese. They add or explain something and we can remove them without destroying the grammatical structure of the sentence.  [59]   Shpallja e Pavarsisà «, qe ishte dità « e madhe pà «r Shqipà «taret, do tà « mbahet nà « mend. Bjeshkà «t e Rugovà «s, qà « ndodhen nà « Qytetin e Pejes, janà « te bukura. In speaking, these relative clauses in Albanian, similar to English have a pause before and after it. They serve to add additional information to the main clause.  [60]   As we can notice from the examples in a) and b) the non-restrictive clauses in writing are separated by commas, similar to English non-restrictive Relative Clauses. 3.3 The order of Relative Clauses within the sentence in Albanian The position of relative clause in the sentence is determinated by the position of its antecedent.  [61]   3.3.1 The Relative Clause at the end of the Sentence When the antecedent of the relative clause is at the end of the sentence the relative clause comes after it.  [62]   Nuk ishte i rastit vendimi qà « aj tà « largohet. Na kishte gà «zuar lajmi qà « ajo do tà « kthehet. 3.3.2 The Relative Clause at the beginning and in the middle of the Sentence When the antecedent (Alb. Paraprijà «si) is at the beginning or in the middle of the main clause the subordinate relative clause is placed in the middle of it.  [63]   Vajza, qà « i mbate lulet nà « dorà «, qante nga gezimi i madh. Kà «nga e bukur, qe aty kà «ndohet, ka melodi tà « veqantà «. 3.4 Function of Relative clauses in Albanian Relative Clauses in Albanian can have different functions within the sentence. In sections below there are the examples that were compiled to prove and illustrate the function. 3.4.1 Relative Clause as Subject Relative Clauses can function as a subject of the main clause, here are but a few examples: Bisedimet qà « ishin tà « gjata dhe tà « lodhshme pà «rfunduan me sukses. Premtimet e juaja, qà « ishin shpresà «dhà «nà «se, nuk u pà «rmbushen. 3.4.2 Relative Clauses as Subject Complement Ata konisedorojnà « qà « fjalà «t e saja janà « trillim. 3.4.3 Relative Clause as Direct object Ata kishin degjuar qà « unà « do tà « bà «hem kryetar. Ata e kishin shkruar qà « kjo à «shtà « e và «rtetà «. 3.4.4 Indirect Object I dhash tà « gjitha atyre qà « kanà « pasur nevojà «. 3.4.5 Adjunct Aj vraponte aty ku askush nuk mund ta gjejà «. Sara e degjoj at lajmà « kur nuk ishte koha. 4. DIRECT CONTASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ITS EQUVALENTS IN ALBANIAN In this section a direct contrastive analysis of Relative Clauses in English and Albanian Language will be made. Examples of Relative Clauses will be extracted from the novel written by James Joyce  [64]  and will be contrasted with the Relative Clauses from the same novel translated by Idlir Azizi  [65]  . Examples will be marked by number and a small letter denoting the language English (e) or Albanian (a). This part is going to be focused on the structure of the relative clauses, furthermore on pronouns mentioned throughout the entire paper. Since it has been noticed that the difference between the relative Clauses in English and the same in Albanian is particularly that- the usage of some of the relative pronouns within the relative clause. 4.1 Relative Clauses preceded by the relative pronoun and its equivalent in Albanian In this section the examples of the relative clauses preceded by the relative pronoun wh-pronouns (who, which, what etc.) are going to be extracted from the same novel, of course from its English and Albanian translated form. 1e) By a woman who was no better than she should be. (p. 40) 1a) Nga njà « grua jo e mire qà « smund tà « ishte ndryshe. (p. 34) 2e) A merchant, Stephen said is one who buys cheap and sells dear, jew or gentile is he not? (p.41) 2a) Tregtari, tha Stiveni, à «shtà « ai qà « blen lirà « tà « shesà « shtrenjtà «, a sà «shtà « kà «shtu? (p. 35) 3e) But the courtiers who mocked Guido in Or san Michele were in their own house.(p.57) 3a) Por kurtizanà «t qà « thumbonin Guidon nà « Or shà «n Mikelà « ishin nà « shtà «pità « e tyre. (p. 47) 4e)

The psychology behind child abuse and neglect

The psychology behind child abuse and neglect The Psychology of the Child deals with mental growth or, what amounts to the same thing, the development of behavior patterns (including consciousness) up to adolescence, the transitional phase marking the entrance of the individual into adult society. Mental growth is in- separable from physical growth: the maturation of the nervous and endocrine systems, in particular, continues until the age of sixteen. The psychology of a child must be regarded as the study of one aspect of embryogenesis, the embryogenesis of organic as well as mental growth, up to the beginning of the state of relative equilibrium which is the adult level. Child abuse is the physical and/or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts or commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Most child abuse occurs in a childs home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. The mental health journal, states that child abuse is defined as any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. NEGLECT: Neglect is the instance in which the responsible adult fails to adequately provide for various needs, including physical (failure to provide adequate food, clothing, or hygiene), emotional (failure to provide nurturing or affection) or educational (failure to enroll a child in school). PHYSICAL ABUSE is physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. It can involve striking, burning, choking or shaking a child. The transmission of toxins to a child through its mother (such as with fetal alcohol syndrome) can also be considered physical abuse in some jurisdictions .The distinction between child discipline and abuse is often poorly defined. Cultural norms about what constitutes abuse vary widely: among professionals as well as the wider public, people do not agree on what behaviors constitute abuse. Some human service professionals claim that cultural norms that sanction/ support physical punishment are one of the causes of child abuse, and have undertaken campaigns to redefine such norms. In the United States, the National Association of Social Workers has issued statements that even the mildest forms of physical punishment, such as moderate spanking, can lower childrens self-esteem, constitute acts of violence, and teach children that physical force is an acce ptable way to resolve conflicts. Against this latter argument, the philosopher Prof. David Benatar points out that one might as well say that fining people teaches that forcing others to give up some of their property is an acceptable way to respond to those who act in a way that one does not like. If beatings send a message, why dont detentions, imprisonments, fines, and a multitude of other punishments convey equally undesirable messages? He adds. 3 PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE also known as emotional abuse, which can involve belittling or shaming a child, inappropriate or extreme punishment and the withholding of affection. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE is any sexual act between an adult and a child, including penetration, oral sex and forced nudity in front of the adult. According to the (American) National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, in 1997 neglect represented 54% of confirmed cases of child abuse, physical abuse 22%, sexual abuse 8%, emotional maltreatment 4%, and other forms of maltreatment 12%. A UNICEF report on child well-being stated that the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among industrial nations with respect to the wellbeing of children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE Child abuse is a complex problem which has multiple causes. Understanding the causes of abuse is crucial to addressing the problem of child abuse. Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely to physically abuse their children However, it is difficult to know whether marital strife is a cause of child abuse, or if both the marital strife and abuse are caused by tendencies in the abuser. Substance abuse is a major contributing factor to child abuse. One study found that parents with documented substance abuse, most commonly alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, were much more likely to mistreat their children, and were also much more likely to reject court-ordered services and treatments. Another study found that over two thirds of 4 cases of child maltreatment involved parents with substance abuse problems. This study specifically found relationships between alcohol and physical abuse, and between cocaine and sexual abuse. In 2009 CBS News reported that child abuse in the United States had increased during the economic recession. It gave the example of a father who had never been the primary care-taker of the children. Now that the father was in that role, the children began to come in with injuries. CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE Children have that right to be loved. But there are those who suffer child abuse in the very sense of the word. Child abuse could either be physical, mental or sexual abuse to children. This might have certain adverse effects on the child so they must be given extra support and attention physical abuse concerns maltreatments of children in a physical way. This means hurting the children physically, or not giving them proper nutrition. Emotional abuse or mental abuse, on the other hand, is about abuse in children which affects primarily their emotions. This includes saying hurtful words to children, as well as scolding them often that lower their self esteem. Sexual abuse, however, is abuse that concerns the sexual attributes of a child. This is one of the worst cases of child abuse. Like any other abuse, child abuse also has a cause. There are many causes of child abuse. The most prominent one among the causes is mental illness, as well as psychological problems. The tendency is that people who are not in their right minds, could easily do harm to children, whether intentional or not. Also, family problems are major causes of child abuse. Parents under the power of drugs could easily hurt their children. Plus, financial problems could invoke parents or other 5 members of the family to abuse children as an outlet of their emotions. Stress could also be a root cause of child abuse. It is good to know the cause of abuse on a certain child so that the treatment and the actions could be well defined. EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE (SHORT TERM) Studies indicate that every day a significant number of children are exposed to serious maltreatment and neglect leading to physical and psychological injury and serious long-term consequences. Researchers are continuously examining the wide range of potential consequences of child abuse and neglect. Mounting evidence suggests that, in addition to the immediate negative effects on children, maltreatment is associated with a host of problems manifested in adolescence and adulthood. Child abuse is not, however, a short-term crisis in a childs life. Although children are removed from violent homes or leave home to live on their own, the effects of experiencing abuse in their childhood follow them through life. Child abuse can affect all aspects of a childs life and can spill over in there adult life as well. Effects of child abuse include the following: PSYCOLOGICAL EFFECTS Child abuse may permanently alter the psychological well being of a child. Following maltreatment, children are known to display the following problems: Extreme and repetitive nightmares, Anxiety. Unusually high levels of anger and aggression. Feelings of guilt and shame for sexually abused victims this can be quite severe, especially if the victim experienced some degree of pleasure during part of the abuse. Sudden phobias, such as a fear of darkness or water. 6 Psychosomatic complaints, including stomachaches, headaches, hypochondrias is, fecal soiling, bed wetting and excessive blinking. General fearfulness and a specific fear of others of the same gender as the abuser. Depressive symptoms, long bouts of sadness, social withdrawal. Self-reported social isolation and feelings of stigmatization.. After continued exposure to maltreatment, children may develop further psychological complications: Significant increase in rates of psychiatric disorders, Dissociation, intrusive thoughts suicidal ideation and more acute phobias, More serious levels of anxiety fear depression, loneliness, anger, hostility and guilt, Distorted cognition, such as chronic perceptions of danger and confusion, illogical thinking, inaccurate images of the world, shattered assumptions about the world and difficulty determining what is real, decreased effectiveness in comprehending complex roles. PHYSICAL EFFECTS In addition to the obvious physical injuries, such as broken bones, bruises and scarring, abuse is also related to several additional physical complications for children, including the following: Children who have suffered serious and chronic neglect are more likely to be smaller and lighter than non-maltreated children, which has been shown to affect long-term health. Children who are physically abused (or shaken in the case of very young children) may suffer permanent neurological damage, dramatically affecting their future development. Weight problems often emerging as eating disorders. Serious sleeps disturbances and bouts of dizziness when awake. 7 Other stress-related symptoms, such as gastrointestinal problems, migraine headaches, difficulty breathing, hypertension, aches, pains and rashes which defy diagnosis and/or treatment, Poor overall health. BEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES Abused children are known to display the following behavioral problems: Developmental delays, Clinging behavior, extreme shyness and fear of strangers, Troubled socialization with peers constant fighting or socially undesirable behaviors, such as bullying, teasing or not sharing, Poor school adjustment and disruptive classroom behavior,there is a growing understanding among researchers that child maltreatment is associated with a host of behavioral problems that manifest themselves in adolescence: School-age pregnancy, Self-destructive behaviors such as self-mutilation or burning, Truancy and running away behavior, Delinquency and prostitution. Early use of drugs/alcohol and substance abuse/dependence, Eating disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia or obesity primarily among female victims,Suicide and suicide attempts. Evidence suggests that many of these problems continue into adulthood and become ingrained patterns of behavior. It is believed that in order to deal with the trauma of being abused and neglected, children and youth develop such behaviors as coping strategies. And although these behaviors eventually become self-destructive, they are often extremely difficult to abandon. EFFECT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE One of the most destructive consequences of child abuse may be the detrimental effect on 8 a childs school performance. Over and over again, research indicates that abused children demonstrate reduced intellectual functioning and perform very poorly in school. And poor school performance can have serious long-term consequences. Academic failure has been associated with antisocial behavior and quitting school. These behaviors in turn increase the risk of long-term decreased productivity, long-term economic dependence and generally lower levels of satisfaction with life as adults.58 Maltreated children may display the following: Lower overall schools performance test scores and lower language, reading and math scores. Grade repetitions, disciplinary referrals and a high number of suspensions. Working and learning at below average levels (as reported by teachers). Weaker orientation to future vocational and educational goals compared to non-maltreated children. It is understandable that maltreated children will perform poorly in school. Not only do they face the obvious complications associated with a violent home life, but neglectful and abusive parents are less likely to provide an intellectually stimulating environment for the child, read to the child, supervise homework and generally become involved in their childs academic life. EFFECT ON SEXUALITY In general, abuse adversely affects a childs concept of sexuality reduces his or her ability to set appropriate boundaries and often instills a fear or negative perception of sex. While the majority of sexual consequences are the result of sexual abuse, other forms of maltreatment can also be sexually destructive. For example, a neglected child may seek 9 sexual intimacy very early in life in order to fulfil an unmet need for parental intimacy. This creates a risk for teenage pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. The following are the major sexual consequences of maltreatment reported in the literature: Engaging in open or excessive masturbation, excessive sexual curiosity and frequent exposure of the genitals. Simulated sexual acts with siblings and friends, inappropriate sexual behavior such as breast or genital grabbing. Premature sexual knowledge sexualized kissing in friendships and with parents. In adolescence and adulthood, maltreated children continue to display sexually maladaptive behavior: Orgasmic disorders and painful intercourse, Promiscuity, Dissatisfaction with sex and negative attitudes about sex. These problems are often the result of introducing a sexual component into a parent-child relationship, which affected the childs sense of sexuality and intimacy. In essence, a child who has suffered sexual abuse can, as a result, have difficulty distinguishing between a sexual and a non-sexual relationship and therefore introduce a sexual element into all relationships. INTERPERSONAL CONSEQUENCES Child abuse can interfere with a persons ability to develop meaningful and appropriate relationships from childhood through to adulthood. Abused and neglected children are consistently rated by their peers as demonstrating socially undesirable behavior. Children displaying multiple psychological and behavioral problems often have a difficult time 10 both developing and maintaining healthy relationships. Victimization reduces social competence and limits empathic ability, both of which are necessary to establish satisfying relationships with others. Maltreated children have been known to display the following interpersonal problems: Insecure attachments to parents and caregivers,loss of close friends, difficulty in trusting others. Relationship problems, such as overly sexualized or overly conflicted relationships. Chronic dissatisfaction with adult relationships and fear of intimacy. EFFECTS ON SELF PERCEPTION Parental abuse undoubtedly affects the self-esteem of a child. A lack of interest in a child or a violent attack on a child, for example, will likely lead the child to develop a sense of unworthiness. Maltreatment has been associated with distorted or extremely negative self-images starting in childhood and continuing throughout ones life. Maltreated children typically view themselves as bad, worthless or unlovable and may develop the following problems: Extremely low levels of self-esteem, Feelings of being out of control, Inaccurate body images which often lead to eating disorders, Overwhelming sense of guilt or self-blame for the abuse, Impairment of a cohesive sense of identity, Self-disgust, self-denigration, self-hatred.   SPIRITUAL CONSEQUENCES Often, children who have been abused and neglected report having lost their sense of faith, not just a religious belief in a divine being, but also their faith in themselves, other people and the world around them. It is common for maltreated children to display what 11 some authors have called a shattered soul or soul pain. Moreover, adults who have experienced maltreatment display less interest and participation in organized religion. Systematic battering, sexual abuse, emotional attacks or the long-term neglect of a child is likely to destroy his or her spirit or enthusiasm for life. While often overlooked in the literature, the shattered soul may prove to be an extremely significant long-term consequence of child maltreatment. SUBSEQUENT VIOLENCE Victims of child abuse often become further victimized as adolescents and adults and/or become violent themselves toward their own children and in intimate relationships. According to studies on the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment, one third of all victims grow up to continue a pattern of seriously inept, neglectful or abusive child rearing as parents; one third do not; and one-third remain vulnerable to the effects of child maltreatment depending upon social stressors in their life. Adults and adolescents who report a history of child maltreatment may demonstrate the following: Maltreatment of their own children. A history of being a victim of a violent assault by a non-family member during adolescence. Perpetrating dating violence in adolescence and/or spousal violence in adulthood. Becoming a victim of an assaultive partner (most often a male abuser) and/or the victim of additional sexual assaults. CHILD ABUSE A PERMANENT AND LIFELONG TRAUMA When an orphan or adolescent experience trauma such as family violence, child abuse, or witnesses prolonged violence, several problems arise. These children might experience 12 anger, distrust, and fear commitment. Children who live through such childhood trauma often suffer permanently. Extensive studies about adults abused as children investigate the relationships between childhood trauma and problems including uncontrollable anger and a negative attitude. Miller, Villani and Sharfstein all discuss numerous factors that influence violence, including alcohol, violent threats, and a violent past (Miller, p. 61-62; and Sharfstein, p. 2). Miller (1998) presents several abuse and mistreatment studies concerning children who experience family violence at an early age and how this violence leads them to have behavioral problems as adults (p. 62). Child abuse, whether inflicted on orphans or children who live with biological parents, causes distrust, another problem and long lasting effect. Distrust can result with abused children. These children begin to distrust the people closest to them, their family, and this lack of trust carries over into adulthood. 13

florida :: essays research papers

Lodging inside the Walt Disney World complex, Celebration City (owned by Disney) and Lake Buena Vista (which is a small resort community right next to Disney World) The Disney World complex and Lake Buena Vista are located along Interstate 4 (I-4) about 25 miles west of Orlando International Airport and about 20 miles southwest of downtown Orlando, Florida. Lodging near the Convention Center and Sea World This is the larger of two convention centers in Orlando. Both the convention center and Sea World are located along International Drive. Sea World is about halfway between downtown Orlando and Disney World, and about 12 miles west of Orlando International Airport. The Walt Disney Dolphin is a deluxe hotel, located between Disney MGM Studios and Epcot area. Inspired by world famous surroundings, this resort is unlike anything you've ever seen. A 5-story dolphin statue rests atop the building, colorful patterns of waves and banana leaves splash the facade, magnificent palms sway along the lakeside walkways- it's a view that only your imagination can top. At this Whimsical resort, guests will enjoy the magic inside, as you experience the entertainment architecture outside, where guests are surrounded by the magic of Walt Disney World. The hotel features 17 restaurants and lounges, for your ultimate dining pleasure. For the guests' entertainment there are 4 lighted tennis courts, 4 swimming pools, watercraft rentals, jogging trails, two health clubs, massage services, volleyball, 3 acre grotto pool and beach, supervised children's activities, saunas, whirlpools, 36 holes of miniature golf and aerobics. The multi-lingual staff is friendly and well trained, catering to your every need. florida :: essays research papers Lodging inside the Walt Disney World complex, Celebration City (owned by Disney) and Lake Buena Vista (which is a small resort community right next to Disney World) The Disney World complex and Lake Buena Vista are located along Interstate 4 (I-4) about 25 miles west of Orlando International Airport and about 20 miles southwest of downtown Orlando, Florida. Lodging near the Convention Center and Sea World This is the larger of two convention centers in Orlando. Both the convention center and Sea World are located along International Drive. Sea World is about halfway between downtown Orlando and Disney World, and about 12 miles west of Orlando International Airport. The Walt Disney Dolphin is a deluxe hotel, located between Disney MGM Studios and Epcot area. Inspired by world famous surroundings, this resort is unlike anything you've ever seen. A 5-story dolphin statue rests atop the building, colorful patterns of waves and banana leaves splash the facade, magnificent palms sway along the lakeside walkways- it's a view that only your imagination can top. At this Whimsical resort, guests will enjoy the magic inside, as you experience the entertainment architecture outside, where guests are surrounded by the magic of Walt Disney World. The hotel features 17 restaurants and lounges, for your ultimate dining pleasure. For the guests' entertainment there are 4 lighted tennis courts, 4 swimming pools, watercraft rentals, jogging trails, two health clubs, massage services, volleyball, 3 acre grotto pool and beach, supervised children's activities, saunas, whirlpools, 36 holes of miniature golf and aerobics. The multi-lingual staff is friendly and well trained, catering to your every need.

Confucius Paper :: essays research papers

According to tradition, Confucius was born in the state of Lu (present-day Shandong Province) of the noble K'ung clan. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty, but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. During the four years immediately after his marriage, poverty compelled him to become a sevant for the chief of the district in which he lived. His mother died in 527 BC, and after a period of mourning he began his career as a teacher, usually traveling about and instructing the small body of disciples that had gathered around him. His fame as a man of learning and character and his reverence for Chinese ideals and customs soon spread through the principality of Lu. Living as he did in the second half of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty (1027?-256 BC), when feudalism degenerated in China and conspiracy and evildoing were constant, Confucius deplored the contemporary disorder and lack of moral standards. He came to believe that the only remedy was to convert people once more to the principles of the sages of antiquity. He therefore lectured to his pupils on the ancient classics. He taught the great value of the power of example. Rulers, he said, can be great only if they themselves lead free lives, and were they willing to be guided by moral principles, their states would sure become prosperous and happy. Confucius had, however, no opportunity to put his theories to a public test until, at the age of 50, he was appointed magistrate of Chung-tu, and the next year minister of crime of the state of Lu. His administration was successful; reforms were introduced, justice was fairly dispensed, and crime was almost eliminated. So powerful that Lu became the ruler of a neighboring state maneuvered to secure the minister's dismissal. Confucius left his office in 496 BC, traveling about and teaching, vainly hoping that some other prince would allow him to undertake measures of reform. In 484 BC, after a fruitless search for an ideal ruler, he returned for the last time to Lu. He spent the remaining years of his life in retirement, writing commentaries on the classics. He died in Lu and was buried in a tomb at Ch'Ã ¼-fu, Shandong.

Nursing Knowledge

What makes Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) a great source of knowledge for nursing references? It produces and disseminates systematic reviews of health care interventions and promotes the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies. The column by JBI will cover a broad range of topics and will appear periodically in AJN. With reference to its official website, http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au, The Joanna Briggs Collaboration is a coordinated effort by a group of self-governing collaborative centres, coordinated through the leadership of The Joanna Briggs Institute. The legitimate operations of The Joanna Briggs Collaboration include the promotion of evidence-based health care; education and training; conducting of systematic reviews; the development of Best Practice Information Sheets; the implementation of evidence-based practice; and the conduct of evaluation cycles and primary research arising out of systematic reviews. Various collaborating centre have teamed up to produce excellent and up to date sources that are relatively relevant in medical field. A good source of research should be current, concise, and give factual evidences. The website also contains electronic copies of all JBI collaboration publications that includes such as; Best Practice Information Sheets, systematic reviews, evaluation cycle reports and practice manuals. What’s most important about this research source is that the evidence library offers a variety of reports such as product and technical reports, executive summaries, review protocols, and a Cochrane library. For further research, it offers various database such as a systematic review database and database of abstract reviews of effects. Overall, this research source will definitely help someone to find pertinent facts and information on medical field. Sigma Theta Tau International As a knowledge and leadership organization, the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International responds to health and nursing profession trends and issues that are germane to its mission.( http://www.nursingsociety.org/resources/main.html) The site is a good start point for research, here you will find; ØÂ   Resources and Position Papers – Position statements and resource papers about trends and key issues that are developed by the society. ØÂ   Global Alliances – affiliations alliances of society with other eminent international organizations for stronger organization. ØÂ   Various Organizational Affiliates ØÂ   National Quality Measures Clearinghouse – NQMC, sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), it is a public storehouse for evidence-based quality measures and measure sets. The site offers more than a research source; it also acts a focal point for nursing communities where they can exchange information on various aspects of nursing. There is also a special link for student nurse resources and society resources. As they value their members they offer mentoring programs to enhance the leadership and potential skills of nurses. Its commitment does not only rely to library resources and research but also dedicated to its society, community and fellow members. They also have a foundation that serves the culmination of overall purpose of the organization. Certain communities are established to promote well being and participation in socio civic cultural activities of nurses. In general, this site offers a great mixture of facts, information, and interaction made by nurses to its fellow nurses. A well informative site that serves as a ground for various nurses all through out; thus, with the organization mission and vision that will has a parallel principle which will serve as continuous commitment to the society. References: http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au http://www.nursingsociety.org/resources/main.html

Life Skills

————————————————- Life Skills Development/Module One/Unit 1: Values Education

Alzheimers Effect On The Brain Health And Social Care Essay

Alzheimer ‘s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative upset of the encephalon that consequences in damage of memory and decrease in the ability in logical thinking, planning, linguistic communication, and besides perceptual experience. [ 3 ] It is considered as one of the most common types of dementedness and it accounts for an estimated 60 to 80 per centum of instances. This is due to the increasing figure of impairment of nervus cells in the encephalon. Therefore, figure of synapses lessenings and causes the information transportation at the synapses begins to neglect lead to cells dice. [ 2 ] There are several hazard factors in this instance. Most experts agree that the greatest hazard factor for Alzheimer ‘s disease is progressing age but it is non a normal portion of aging. [ 2 ] Besides, it has been proven that Alzheimer ‘s disease is caused by a combination of factors, including familial heritage, environmental factors, diet and overall general wellness significance that no individual cause for it. [ 7 ] There has no current remedy for Alzheimer ‘s disease and no proved intervention to decelerate its patterned advance. However, interventions for symptoms can so be used to detain its oncoming. [ 5 ] Therefore, to get the better of the increasing figure of developing Alzheimer ‘s disease, I have considered the usage of cholinesterase inhibitors ( 287 ) The symptoms of Alzheimer ‘s disease can be divided into two chief classs which are â€Å" cognitive symptoms † and â€Å" behavioural and psychiatric symptoms † . I would wish to concentrate on the intervention for the cognitive symptoms which affect memory, linguistic communication, opinion, planning, ability to pay attending and besides other thought procedures. [ 3 ] Cholinesterase inhibitors are effectual in increasing the degrees of acetylcholine in the encephalon, which is critical in memory and acquisition. They delay the oncoming of declining symptoms for 6 to 12 months in about half of the people who take it. [ 9 ] FDA has presently approved the usage of four cholinesterase inhibitors, tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. [ 11 ] Some of these drugs work best in the earlier phases while some are reserved for the ulterior phases. In clinical surveies, all cholinesterase inhibitors work every bit good by increasing the sum of acetylcholine in the encephalon or by heightening nervus cell ‘s response to it. [ 10 ] Among all, donepezil is the lone drug that can be used to handle all phases of Alzheimer ‘s disease, from mild to severe. It is taken one time a twenty-four hours and has modest benefits at best. However, persons with Down ‘s syndrome who are over 40 old ages old are excluded as the karyon basalis of Meynert in patients with Down ‘s syndrome contains fewer nerve cells than in normal comparing topics. This causes the symptoms of Alzheimer ‘s patients with Down ‘s syndrome to acquire worse. [ 18 ] ( 529 ) â€Å" The efficaciousness of donepezilA was demonstrated in a 24-week double-blind survey in which patients with mild to chair AD were indiscriminately assigned to donepezil ( 5 or 10 mg/day ) or placebo. Cognition, as measured by the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale ( ADAS-cog, and the Clinician ‘s planetary evaluations were significantly improved in both intervention groups compared with placebo. There was no consistent consequence noted on patient-related quality of life steps. † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do? topicKey=~iqpTJo3u3dzUoc, retrieved on 5 September 2010 The initial dose should be started at a lower sum which is 5mg one time day-to-day for donepezil and increased to 10mg daily after one month of ingestion. Then, the titration can so be preceded to the maximal dosage. There is grounds shown that patients with higher doses had better results compared to those with lower doses. However, patients with maximal dose should be carefully monitored to avoid any side effects such as sickness. If patient with maximal dose achieved satisfactory consequences so it should be continued. [ 19 ] The above graph shows that the alteration from baseline on ADSD ( Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale ) of donepezil and placebo group. [ 15 ] ( 739 ) The cholinesterase inhibitors although non the remedy, there are benefits shown that bettering the symptoms even for advanced Alzheimer ‘s disease. However, the exact doses need to be on a regular basis monitored to extinguish the side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. [ 16 ] These medicines do non work for all patients ] Without ongoing usage of cholinesterase inhibitors, status of patients will deteriorate over a period of 4 to 6 hebdomads until they reach the same point where patient has non taken the drug. [ 17 ]Social and Economic ImplicationPatients with Alzheimer ‘s disease tend to bury things easy due to the increasing figure of nervus cells deteriorate. Therefore, they may bury to take their medicine and causes unwanted consequence. Most of them will happen it hard to keep a occupation or even care for themselves and therefore causes great load to households and friends, particularly their loved 1s. Furthermore, patients will experience down when they are con fronting more and more trouble pass oning about their experience. As a consequence, symptoms of unwellness go undetected and cause infection in other variety meats and therefore physical uncomfortableness may be expressed through behaviour. The drugs do work when the knowledge is maintained ; patients can retrieve better and be able to get by with behaviors. Hence, health professionals, friends and household are playing imperative function in supplying aid and support to person covering with Alzheimer ‘s disease. In add-on, patients require great attachment to intervention which would do immense fiscal load and economic impact. Harmonizing to WHO, Alzheimer ‘s disease is the most dearly-won compared to other major chronic conditions. [ 20 ] The betterment after utilizing medicines might be minimum. However, some surveies show that these medical specialties do assist in a long tally. [ 21 ] For illustration, donepezil 10mg day-to-day costs around A $ 400.64, though expensive but deserving with high effectivity. [ 22 ] Like other diseases, Alzheimer ‘s disease patients need ongoing intervention as betterment will worsen after halting taking in medicine. This would take to uninterrupted cost and therefore finance from other healthcare resources is extremely desirable in this instance. ( 1065 )The chart shows that the cost for handling Alzheimer ‘s disease is the highest. [ 20 ]The graph above shows that the cost for caring of people with Alzheimer ‘s disease is expected to increase for the following 40 old ages. [ 23 ]( 1143 )Benefits and HazardsCholinesterase inhibitors are effectual in bettering knowledge, behavior and therefore cut downing health professional emphasis. [ 24 ] This is due to the increasing sum of acetylcholine though they can ne'er change by reversal the devastation of encephalon cells. Improvement with these medicines might be minimum but people have the opportunity to take meaningful lives once more with the better memory and thought abilities. However, they might besides enforce side effects to human wellness such as dyspepsia, loss of appetency and weight loss. Therefore, exercising and balanced diet are besides of import. Regular physical exercising can take down the hazard of Alzheimer ‘s because it may profit encephalon cells by increasing blood and O flow. [ 25 ] The chief job is caused by the dose titration. Every titration should be started at low titration and if necessary merely preceded to maximal dose to obtain maximal status. Most of the drugs are used to handle mild to chair except for donepezil which can used to handle all phases. Furthermore, these medicines are non recommended for usage in MCI ( Mild Cognitive Impairment ) as grounds shows the increased hazard of injury, including decease. [ 19 ] Furthermore, some patients tend to bury to take these medicines for the interest of extinguishing possible side effects. This consequences in the impairment of status of patients and increases the hazard of backsliding of symptoms. ( 1210 )BenefitNo of responsesPercentage of all responsesPercentage of people describingSlowed/stabilized unwellness104525 %39 %Happier/brighter/more aware/more active55013 %21 %Improved/helped memory loss49112 %18 %Calmer/less aggressive3248 %12 %More independent/taking attention of personal demands2386 %9 %Showed an involvement in things2195 %8 %Improved conversation/speech1874 %7 %Less confused/better apprehension1834 %7 %Better quality of life1373 %5 %Restored/more confident1052 %4 %The tabular array besides shows that the betterment of patient after taking medicines. [ 7 ]( 1426 )Alternate TreatmentsMental Stimulationâ€Å" Harmonizing to the 2008 Wall Street Journal reappraisal â€Å" Neurobics and Other Brain Supporters, † A an active, stimulated encephalon reduces your odds of developing Alzheimer ‘s. Those who remain engaged in activities affecting multiple undertakings, necessitating communicating, interaction, and organisation, who continue larning, and invar iably challenge their encephalons earn the greatest protection. † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.helpguide.org/elder/alzheimers_prevention_slowing_down_treatment.htm, retrieved on 7 September 2010 Alzheimer ‘s disease can ne'er be cured but it can be prevented or delayed by this method. Mental stimulation is well-known for non merely a powerful preventative manner but can besides decelerate down the disease. Surveies carried out in China have shown that nonreaders were five times more likely to get AD than high school alumnuss. [ 27 ] Besides, this intervention was supported by a Chicago survey affecting 90 patients. It was reported that those patients who got frequent cognitive activity were approximately 0 % less likely to develop Alzheimer ‘s disease than those with small or no cognitive activity. [ 31 ] Any signifier of mental exercisings such as playing cards, Sudoku or even analyze a foreign linguistic communication can maintain on supplying encephalon to larn something new every twenty-four hours. Besides, memorisation can be practiced. For case, rimes and forms can be created to beef up memory connexions. [ 26 ]Electroconvulsive Therapy ( ECT )ECT is a tech nique that induces a ictus by directing electric current to the encephalon of patients causes alterations in the encephalon chemical science when patients are given muscular relaxant. However, it can do impermanent short term memory loss despite being really effectual in handling terrible AD. [ 28 ] Unilateral ECT is believed to do less memory loss compared to bilateral ECT. [ 29 ] ECT is done when all the possible interventions fail. Harmonizing to Vaughn McCall, professor and president of ( 1718 ) the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Medicine, â€Å" Quality of life and map are improved in ECT patients every bit early as two hebdomads after the decision of ECT. â€Å" [ 30 ] Therefore, the ability of operation of encephalon can therefore better. NICE, an arm of Britain ‘s National Health Service, said ECT should be used â€Å" merely to accomplish rapid and short-run betterments of terrible symptoms after other intervention options have failed and/or when the status is considered to be potentially life endangering in persons with terrible depressive unwellness, catatonia or a drawn-out or terrible frenzied episode. † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/11/041104011942.htm, retrieved on 7 September 2010EvaluationThe purpose of this website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_what_is_alzheimers.asp is to supply information about Alzheimer ‘s disease and to extinguish it through the promotion of research. Besides, it aims to supply and heighten attention and support for all affected. It is the largest private ; non-profit-making funder of Alzheimer research therefore any information on the site should be factual and dependable. This website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/adfact.htm focal points on supplying scientific attempt to educate state to understand the nature of aging and to widen the healthy, active old ages of life. It provides leading in aging research, preparation, and wellness information and other plans relevant to older people. Information found on this web site should be legitimate as similar information is accounted by the other beginnings excessively. The Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Alzheimer ‘s disease by Serge Gauthier book provides the information about the world of Alzheimer ‘s disease that afflicts people of all states. It was written by the writer with the aid of Alzheimer Societies in pull offing patients and health professional ‘s demands. Therefore, information from this book should be precise. However, it may non be up-to-date as this book was published in 1996 and immense alterations might go on within these 14 old ages due to the intercession of engineering. ( 2001 )